Aberrant Regeneration Of Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor Synkinesis)

Signs and Symptoms Aberrant regeneration of cranial nerve (CN) III, also known as oculomotor synkinesis, is a condition with two...
Acanthamoeba keratitis

Acanthamoeba Keratitis

Corneal infection by Acanthamoeba is a rare occurrence. Patients are most often soft contact lens wearers, although this is not universal; additional historical elements may include recent ocular trauma and exposure to soil or contaminated water.

Acquired Blepharoptosis

Signs and Symptoms The word ptosis generally describes a drooping or sagging of the upper eyelid; however, the term is...
Ectropion

Acquired Ectropion

Signs and Symptoms Ectropion represents a condition of eyelid malpositioning in which the lid margin rotates outward, away from the...

Acquired Entropion

Signs and Symptoms Entropion represents a condition of eyelid malpositioning in which the lid margin rotates inward against the ocular...

Acute Allergic Conjunctivitis

Signs and Symptoms Allergic conjunctivitis is the most common manifestation of ocular allergy, affecting between 20% and 40% of the...

Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis

Signs and Symptoms Patients with acute bacterial conjunctivitis present with injection of the bulbar conjunctival and episcleral vessels. In some...
Angioid Streaks

Angioid Streaks

Angioid streaks are acquired irregular breaks in Bruch’s membrane (BM), appearing as meandering, dark brown-reddish radial dehiscences emanating from the optic disc. They extend from a peripapillary ring as jagged, radiating lines coursing from the region of the disc in all directions.

Angle Recession Glaucoma

Signs and Symptoms Patients with angle recession glaucoma are typically asymptomatic, unless the disease is advanced with profound visual field...

Anterior Uveitis

Signs and Symptoms Uveitis may be noted in individuals of any age, but is most commonly encountered in those between...

Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis

Signs and Symptoms Atopy is a genetic predisposition to develop an allergic reaction.1 Systemic examples include allergic rhinitis and atopic...

Bacterial Keratitis

Signs and Symptoms A patient with bacterial keratitis will present with a typically unilateral, painful, photophobic, injected eye. Visual acuity...

Band Keratopathy

Signs and Symptoms Band keratopathy can afflict any patient regardless of age, sex or race. Early in the course of...

Benign Eessential Blepharospasm

Signs and Symptoms Blepharospasm represents an eye-specific form of dystonia, a neurological condition marked by involuntary movements and extended muscular...

Blowout Fracture

Signs and Symptoms Blunt trauma to the orbital rim is the typical cause of orbital floor and medial orbital wall...

Blue Sclera

Signs and Symptoms Blue sclera is not a diagnosis but rather a sign of imperfect connective tissue, collagen and collagen-vascular...

Brain and Orbital Tumor

Signs and Symptoms Brain and orbital tumors may either be primary lesions or the result of metastasis from primary tumors...

Canaliculitis

Signs and Symptoms A relatively rare disorder, canaliculitis accounts for less than 2% of all lacrimal disease.1-4 It is typically...

Cavernous Hemangioma

Signs and Symptoms Cavernous hemangioma of the retina (CHR) and the optic disc are typically considered to be uncommon lesions....

Chlamydial and Gonococcal Conjunctivitis

Signs and Symptoms Chlamydial infection is recognized as the world's most common sexually transmitted disease.1-8 The spectrum of ocular sequelae...

Choroidal Folds

Signs and Symptoms Choroidal folds can occur in any patient regardless of age, race or sex. Patients may report visual...

Choroidal Nevus and Choroidal Melanoma

Signs and Symptoms Both choroidal nevi and choroidal melanomas represent space-occupying masses of the uveal tract. Choroidal nevi appear as...
Choroidal rupture

Choroidal Rupture

Choroidal rupture is a possible consequence following blunt trauma directly to the eye. Patients developing choroidal rupture are often younger males who are involved in activities such as ball sports that expose them to high-speed impact to the eye or adnexa.

Chronic Epiphora

Signs and Symptoms Epiphora describes the spillover of tears from the eye onto the lids and ocular adnexa. It is...

Commotio Retinae

Signs and Symptoms Commotio retinae, formerly known as Berlin’s edema, presents as an area of retinal pallor following direct blunt...

Congenital Hypertrophy Of The Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Signs and Symptoms A congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) is typically discovered incidentally during routine, dilated fundus...

Congenital Optic Disc Pit

Signs and Symptoms A congenital optic disc pit (CODP) appears as a small, hypopigmented, yellow or whitish, oval or round...

Conjunctival Abrasion and Laceration

Signs and Symptoms While corneal abrasions are among the most common presenting problems in the practice of primary eye care,...
Conjunctival inclusion cyst

Conjunctival Cysts

Patients with mucus fishing syndrome (MFS) present with a chief complaint of chronic or excessive stringy discharge from one or both eyes, as well as varying degrees of accompanying ocular irritation.
Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia

Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia

Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is the most common neoplasm of the ocular surface in immunocompetent individuals. It is the precursor to conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in situ (CIS or SCC) of the conjunctival epithelium, the most common ocular surface neoplasm in all patient populations.

Conjunctival Lymphoma

Signs and Symptoms While basal cell carcinoma, sebaceous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma are the most common malignancies of the...
Conjunctivochalasis with NaFl dye

Conjunctivochalasis

Conjunctivochalasis (CCh) represents an ocular surface condition in which there is atypical redundancy and laxity of the bulbar conjunctiva, without the presence of edema. It is most commonly seen with aging, and may present with a wide range of symptoms that are usually ascribed to dry eye disease.

Contact Dermatitis

Contact-Dermatitis-BContact-Dermatitis-A Signs and Symptoms Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin, including the eyelid(s) and periocular adnexa. The presentation...

Corneal Abrasion and Recurrent Corneal Erosion

Signs and Symptoms Corneal abrasion is one of the most common urgent clinical entities in practice.1-11 Patients present with some...

Corneal Foreign Body

Signs and Symptoms Typically, corneal foreign body injuries present as an emergency following acute injury, making them a common urgent...
Complete pupil sparing cranial nerve palsy III from ischemic vascular disease

Cranial Nerve III Palsy

A patient with acute cranial nerve (CN) III palsy will usually present with sudden-onset unilateral ptosis (or rarely, a bilateral ptosis if the damage occurs to the third nerve nucleus) and ophthalmoplegia.
Right hyper deviation from traumatic cranial nerve IV palsy

Cranial Nerve IV Palsy

A patient with cranial nerve (CN) IV palsy (also known as superior oblique palsy, trochlear palsy and fourth nerve palsy) will typically present with complaints of vertical or diagonal diplopia, which often becomes worse as the patient tries to read.
Right cranial nerve VI palsy

Cranial Nerve VI Palsy

A patient with cranial nerve (CN) VI palsy will present with horizontal, uncrossed diplopia that worsens at distance in the direction ipsilateral to the involved eye. The patient will have an abduction deficit in the involved eye and a noncomitant esodeviation.

Crystalline Lens Subluxation

Signs and Symptoms While subluxation of the crystalline lens can occur in any patient, there are primarily three situations in...

Cystoid Macular Edema

Signs and Symptoms Cystoid macular edema (CME), not a true diagnosis but a finding arising from numerous causes, is named...

Dacryoadenitis

Signs and Symptoms Patients with dacryoadenitis may be highly symptomatic or only mildly distracted by their cosmetic appearance, depending upon...

Dacryocystitis

Signs and Symptoms Acute dacryocystitis (lacrimal sac mucocele) is an infection of the lacrimal sac.1-7 It can occur as result...

Diabetic Papillopathy

Signs and Symptoms Diabetic papillopathy is a unilateral or bilateral (though often asymmetric) painless optic disc edema occurring in patients...

Ecchymosis and Blunt Orbital Trauma

Signs and Symptoms The word ecchymosis takes its origin from the Greek words ek (to extravasate blood from) and chymos...

Endophthalmitis

Signs and Symptoms Due to its numerous potential routes of inoculation, endophthalmitis has no typical age, gender or racial predilection....

Epithelial Basement Membrane Dystrophy

Signs and Symptoms Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy (EBMD), also known as anterior basement membrane dystrophy and Cogan’s microcystic dystrophy, is...

Exfoliative Glaucoma

Signs and Symptoms Exfoliation syndrome and exfoliative glaucoma occur in high rates throughout northern Finland, Iceland, Saudi Arabia, Great Britain...

Exudative (Wet) Macular Degeneration

Signs and Symptoms Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, progressive degenerative disease involving multiple genetic, lifestyle, systemic and environmental...

Eyelid Laceration

Signs and Symptoms Patients with eyelid lacerations will present with varying degrees of eyelid swelling, edema, ecchymosis and bleeding.1 Eyelid...

Eyelid Myokymia

Signs and Symptoms The word myokymia is derived from the Greek words myo, meaning muscle, and kyma, meaning wave. It...

Facial Nerve Palsy

Signs and Symptoms The seventh cranial nerve (CN VII, facial nerve) is responsible for the voluntary motor innervation to the...

Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy

Signs and Symptoms Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a bilateral inherited disorder characterized by peripheral retinal nonperfusion and vitreous degeneration.1-12...

Filamentary Keratitis

Signs and Symptoms Patients with filamentary keratitis typically present with variable reports of ocular discomfort, ranging from grittiness and mild...

Fuch’s Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy

Signs and Symptoms First described by Austrian ophthal-mologist Ernst Fuchs in 1910, the endothelial disorder that bears his name is...

Fuchs’ Heterochromic Iridocyclitis

Signs and Symptoms Patients with Fuchs’ heterochromic iridocyclitis present as young adults with variable vision loss, anterior chamber reaction and...
Giant papillary conjunctivitis

Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis

Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) is an inflammation initiated by microtrauma to the superior palpebral conjunctiva. It is associated with mechanical stimulation from either a contact lens, sutures or a prosthesis.

Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis

Signs and Symptoms The initial precipitating event in glaucomatocyclitic crisis (GCC) is the acute onset of a mild, self-limiting uveitis...

Granular Dystrophy

Signs and Symptoms Granular corneal dystrophy is a bilateral condition that affects the central regions of the corneal stroma while...

Hemifacial Spasm

Signs and Symptoms Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a facial nerve disorder characterized by episodic involuntary ipsilateral facial muscle contraction. Patients...

Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis

Signs and Symptoms The herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common pathogen and a frequent source of ocular infection.1-6 Nearly...

Herpes Simplex Virus Epithelial Keratitis

Signs and Symptoms The herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common pathogen in developed regions of the world and a...

Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus

Signs and Symptoms The most frequently affected branch of the trigeminal nerve in herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) is the ophthalmic...

Herpetic Keratouveitis

Signs and Symptoms Herpetic keratouveitis, as the name implies, manifests anterior uveitis and some form of keratopathy in the presence,...
Macular telangiectasis and its resultant circinate exudative leakage

Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia

Idiopathic macular telangiectasia (IMT), formerly known as idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasia (IJRT), is a retinal vascular malformation. Clinical and angiographic features along with the method for classification were first described by Gass and Oyakawa in 1982.

Idiopathic Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy

Signs and Symptoms Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (IPCV), historically known as posterior uveal bleeding syndrome, is a typically unilateral disease...

Immune Stromal (Interstitial) Keratitis

Signs and Symptoms Immune stromal keratitis (ISK), historically referred to as interstitial keratitis, may be seen as either an active...

Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia

Signs and Symptoms Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) can present in either the young or old and can be due to various...

Intraocular Foreign Body

Signs and Symptoms Patients with intraocular foreign body (IOFB) may present either as a catastrophic open globe injury following significant...
Keratoconus - Vogt's striae

Keratoconus and Hydrops

Keratoconus is the most common cause of degenerative corneal ectasia worldwide and the single most common reason for keratoplasty in the developed world. It is a non-inflammatory pathology wherein the cornea aberrantly assumes a cone shape, leading to corneal protrusion, tissue thinning, myopia, irregular astigmatism, metamorphosis and vision impairment.

Lattice Degeneration

Signs and Symptoms Lattice degeneration of the retina is named for its resemblance to a fine, white, linear criss-cross lattice...

Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

Signs and Symptoms Most patients affected with Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) are males in early adulthood with vision loss...

Limbal Dermoid

Signs and Symptoms Limbal dermoids, also known as epibulbar or conjunctival dermoids, are generally seen as well-circumscribed oval mass lesions...

Malignant Glaucoma

Signs and Symptoms Malignant glaucoma, also referred to as aqueous misdirection syndrome or ciliary block glaucoma, occurs without racial or...

Marginal Keratitis

Signs and Symptoms Marginal keratitis is defined as a peripheral corneal inflammatory response.1-4 The condition is also known as sterile...

Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

Signs and Symptoms Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) represents a chronic disorder of the lids, lid margins and preocular tear film....

Melanocytoma Of The Optic Disc

Signs and Symptoms Melanocytomas (magnocellular nevus) of the optic disc are slightly elevated, typically benign, darkly pigmented tumors that classically...

Membranous And Pseudomembranous Conjunctivitis

Signs and Symptoms Conjunctivitis refers to any generalized inflammation of the conjunctival tissues. Numerous etiologies, including infection, toxicity, allergy and...

Metastatic Choroidal Tumors

Signs and Symptoms Metastatic tumors of the choroid may present with an assortment of signs and symptoms. Commonly, patients complain...

Microcornea

Signs and Symptoms A number of corneal anomalies are present at birth. They may be caused by idiopathic genetic alterations,...

Migraine

Signs and Symptoms Migraine refers to a group of related chronic episodic conditions chiefly epitomized by headache, but additionally characterized...

Milky Nuclear Sclerosis

Signs and Symptoms Patients typically develop “milky” nuclear sclerotic cataracts at an earlier age than other forms of lens opacification....

Mooren’s Ulcer

Signs and Symptoms Mooren’s ulcer represents an idiopathic, inflammatory, marginal or peripheral ulceration of the cornea. There are two recognized...

Morning Glory Syndrome

Signs and Symptoms Morning glory syndrome (MGS) is a congenital optic disc anomaly that can be discovered at any age,...
Mucus fishing syndrome with lissamine green staining

Mucus Fishing Syndrome

Patients with mucus fishing syndrome (MFS) present with a chief complaint of chronic or excessive stringy discharge from one or both eyes, as well as varying degrees of accompanying ocular irritation.
ocular-neurofibromatosis-featured

Neurofibromatosis

Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a rare, congenital, multisystem disorder that potentially involves the skin, eyes, nerves, brain and/or bones. The two basic forms of NF include type 1 (NF1) and type 2 (NF2), although NF1 is far more common, representing more than 90% of cases encountered clinically.

Neuromyelitis Optica

Signs and Symptoms Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) was first described by Albutt in 1870, but the term was not applied until...

Neuroretinitis

Signs and Symptoms While neuroretinitis can present in any age group due to several potential causative etiologies, patients are typically...

Non-Exudative (Dry) Macular Degeneration

Signs and Symptoms Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of acquired legal blindness in the United States for...

Nystagmus

Signs and Symptoms Patients with nystagmus will present with a rhythmic oscillation of the eyes. Nystagmus can be pendular (equal...

Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid

Signs and Symptoms Mucous membrane pemphigoid is a heterogeneous group of autoimmune diseases.1-10 It affects primarily the mucous membranes of...

Ocular Demodicosis

Signs and Symptoms Demodicosis refers to an infestation by mites of the genus Demodex. In humans, these mites selectively inhabit...

Ocular Melanosis

Signs and Symptoms Ocular melanosis represents a pigmented discoloration of the superficial ocular tissues. Patients are not symptomatic with regard...
Ptosis

Ocular Myasthenia Gravis

Ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG) is a subset of general myasthenia gravis (GMG) with muscular dysfunction affecting only the levator and extraocular muscles. OMG has a slight male preponderance.
ocular-rosacea

Ocular Rosacea

Ocular rosacea is a common, chronic inflammatory centro-facial dermatosis. The condition affects approximately 16 million Americans, with up to 7% experiencing some form of ocular surface abnormality.
Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia

Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia

Signs and Symptoms Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) refers to a spectrum of cancerous and precancerous lesions of the conjunctiva;...

Optic Disc Drusen

Signs and Symptoms Optic disc drusen (ODD) represent a condition involving retained hyaline bodies (products of degenerated retinal ganglion cell...
Optic-Nerve-Head-Hypoplasia

Optic Nerve Head Hypoplasia

Signs and Symptoms As optic nerve head (ONH) hypoplasia is congenital in nature, it is typically diagnosed in younger patients...

Optic Perineuritis

Signs and Symptoms Optic perineuritis is an inflammatory pseudo-optic neuropathy that may be either unilateral (typical) or bilateral. Though optic...

Orbital Cellulitis

Signs and Symptoms Orbital cellulitis is a vision-threatening infection of the tissues of the orbit.1-5 The condition results from direct...

Pediatric and Congenital Glaucoma

Signs and Symptoms Pediatric glaucoma is a term that includes any form of glaucoma that presents between birth and age...

Phacoanaphylaxis (Retained Lens Fragment)

Signs and Symptoms Phacoanaphylaxis is a term used to describe inflammation caused by the crystalline lens. Depending upon the clinical...
Hypermature lytic cataract

Phacolytic Glaucoma

Phacolytic glaucoma is a secondary glaucoma caused by an autoimmune inflammation due to a hypermature cataract that is leaking lens proteins. It typically develops in elderly patients with a history of progressively worsening vision from hypermaturing cataracts.
Intumescent cataract causing phacomorphic glaucoma

Phacomorphic Glaucoma

Patients presenting with phacomorphic glaucoma are typically elderly, female and of small stature with moderate hyperopia. Frequently, an advanced cataract will be present in the affected eye.

Phthisis Bulbi

Signs and Symptoms Phthisis bulbi is an ocular condition defined by atrophy and disorganization of the intraocular structures that leads...

Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Pigmentary Glaucoma

Signs and Symptoms Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) is an asymptomatic disorder typically discovered upon routine evaluation.1 Pigmentary glaucoma (PG), a...

Pinguecula and Pingueculitis

Signs and Symptoms Pingueculae are characterized by yellowish, slightly raised, interpalpebral exacerbations of tissue in the nasal and temporal bulbar...

Plateau Iris Syndrome

Signs and Symptoms Patients with plateau iris syndrome tend to be younger, typically ranging in age from 30 to 50...

Posterior Uveitis

Signs and Symptoms Posterior uveitis is an encompassing term indicating inflammation of the posterior segment. The inflammation may be posterior,...

Posterior Vitreous Detachment

Signs and Symptoms Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) refers to the separation of the cortical vitreous from the internal limiting membrane...

Preseptal Cellulitis

Signs and Symptoms Preseptal cellulitis is an infection within the eyelid anterior to the orbital septum.1-5 Signs and symptoms include...
chronic-angle-closure-glaucoma

Primary Chronic Angle Closure Glaucoma

The patient with primary chronic angle closure glaucoma (PCACG) typically is older and asymptomatic. Women are more commonly affected than men. Typically patients will have moderate degrees of hyperopia.

Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma

Signs and Symptoms Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) are typically older, with men more likely to be affected than...

Proptosis (Exophthalmos)

Signs and Symptoms Proptosis is a non-ocular term generically meaning “to push forward.” Ocularly, it is the forward projection or...

Pterygium

Signs and Symptoms Pterygium (plural: pterygia) is typically discovered upon routine ocular evaluation in asymptomatic individuals, or in patients who...

Purtscher’s Retinopathy

Signs and Symptoms In 1910, Otmar Purtscher described the occurrence of bilateral patches of retinal whitening with intraretinal hemorrhage within...

Pyogenic Granuloma

Signs and Symptoms Pyogenic granulomas typically present as solitary, rapidly evolving papules or nodules on the skin of the face...

Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm

Signs and Symptoms Retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAM) are acquired saccular or fusiform dilatations of the large arterioles of the retina.1-7...
Central retinal artery occlusion cherry red spot

Retinal Artery Occlusion

Acute retinal artery occlusions (RAO) are visually debilitating events. Categorized as branch (BRAO), central (CRAO), cilioretinal or ophthalmic, depending on the location of the blockage, they are not the result of a single disease but develop from several systemic abnormalities.

Retinal Emboli

Signs and Symptoms The word embolus comes from the Greek word emballein, meaning “wedge-shaped stopper.” Today, the term is used...
Retinopathy of prematurity exhibiting the classic dragged disc

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding complication of prematurely born infants (30 weeks gestational age or younger) and small infants of low birth weight (1,500 grams [3 pounds, 3 ounces] or smaller; the threshold weight varies with sources).

Salzmann’s Nodular Degeneration

Signs and Symptoms Patients with Salzmann’s nodular degeneration are often asymptomatic, particularly in the early stages of the disease. Some...

Scleral Melt

Signs and Symptoms Scleral melt—also known as scleral ischemia or scleral necrosis—is an uncommon condition that typically presents in older...

Sickle Cell Retinopathy

Signs and Symptoms The ocular signs of sickle cell anemia are variable and may include: comma-shaped vessels in the bulbar...

Skew Deviation

Signs and Symptoms Patients will present with a vertical ocular strabismic imbalance. There will also likely demonstrate some ocular torsion...
Solar retinopathy with foveal cysts

Solar Retinopathy

Solar retinopathy, photo-maculopathy, eclipse retinopathy and foveomacular retinitis are all synonymous terms connoting retinal (specifically foveal) damage resulting from direct or indirect sun gazing, possibly during a solar eclipse or even on a normal day.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Signs and Symptoms Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common malignant neoplasm of the eyelid (after basal cell...

Stargardt’s Disease (Fundus Flavimaculatus)

Signs and Symptoms Stargardt’s disease is the most common autosomal recessive macular dystrophy, and it is on the continuum of...

Subconjunctival Hemorrhage

Signs and Symptoms Subconjunctival hemorrhage (SCH) is a frequently seen ocular condition. Patients typically present acutely, often with great anxiety...
Terrien's marginal degeneration signs

Terrien’s Marginal Degeneration

Terrien’s marginal degeneration is one of the peripheral corneal degenerations. The entity has been recognized for more than 90 years. It may be unilateral or bilateral, affect individuals at any age

Terson’s Syndrome

Signs and Symptoms Terson’s syndrome was first described by the French ophthalmologist Albert Terson in the early 1900s.1-4 He did...

Thygeson’s Superficial Punctate Keratitis

Signs and Symptoms Thygeson’s superficial punctate keratitis (TSPK) represents a corneal epitheliopathy of unknown etiology. It was first described in...

Tilted Disc Syndrome

Signs and Symptoms Tilted disc syndrome (TDS) is a unilateral or bilateral congenital optic disc anomaly that may be discovered...

Tonic Pupil

Signs and Symptoms Tonic pupils (sometimes referred to as internal ophthalmoplegia) result from damage to the parasympathetic innervation to the...
Toxic keratoconjunctivitis caused by generic difluprednate drops

Toxic Keratoconjunctivitis

Toxic keratoconjunctivitis (TKC), sometimes referred to as chemical keratitis or toxic follicular conjunctivitis, describes a condition in which the ocular surface is exposed to a noxious substance either acutely or chronically, with resultant deleterious effects to the structure and function of these tissues.

Toxic/Nutritional Optic Neuropathy

Signs and Symptoms Due to myriad potential causes, toxic/nutritional optic neuropathy has no clearly identifiable racial, gender or age-dependent predilection.1,2...

Toxoplasmosis

Signs and Symptoms Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular obligate protozoan parasite.1-15 In under-developed countries, untreated drinking water is considered a...

Tractional Retinal Tears

Signs and Symptoms Tractional retinal tears (TRT) have no specific racial, gender or laterality predilection; rather, they are produced by...

Traumatic Corneal Laceration and Perforation

Signs and Symptoms Traumatic corneal lacerations and perforations are invariably accompanied by a recent history of ocular injury. Typically, this...
Trichiasis upper eyelid

Trichiasis

Trichiasis is defined as the misdirection of one or more eyelashes toward the ocular surface. By definition, minor trichiasis involves fewer than five cilia, while major trichiasis affects five or more.

Uveal Effusion Glaucoma

Signs and Symptoms Uveal effusion glaucoma results in intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation from non-pupil block secondary angle closure. It arises...
Uveitis Causing Glaucoma

Uveitic Glaucoma

Patients with uveitic glaucoma typically fall into one of two categories: those that develop acute anterior uveitis replete with pain, photophobia and lacrimation, and those experiencing lesser symptoms from chronic uveitis.
cutaneous-verruca-papilloma-featured

Verruca and Papilloma

Verruca vulgaris is defined as a small, multi-lobulated, firm-but-moveable growth of the outer layers of the skin or mucus membranes. Warts, as they are commonly known, come in varied shapes and sizes.

Viral Conjunctivitis

Signs and Symptoms The two frequently encountered forms of viral conjunctivitis are pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF) and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC).1–11 Pharyngoconjunctival...

Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome

Signs and Symptoms Vitreomacular traction (VMT) syndrome has no racial or age predilection, though there is a greater incidence in...
Vortex keratopathy

Vortex Keratopathy & Hurricane Keratopathy

Vortex keratopathy, also known as corneal verticillata, describes a unique presentation of corneal deposition in a classic arborizing or whorl-shaped pattern. The condition occurs secondary to exogenous medications or systemic disease.

Xanthelasma

Signs and Symptoms The term xanthelasma is derived from the Greek xanthos (meaning “yellow”) and elasma (meaning “plate”). Xanthelasma are...