Image Atlas
Aberrant Regeneration Of Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor Synkinesis)
Signs and Symptoms
Aberrant regeneration of cranial nerve (CN) III, also known as oculomotor synkinesis, is a condition with two...
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Corneal infection by Acanthamoeba is a rare occurrence. Patients are most often soft contact lens wearers, although this is not universal; additional historical elements may include recent ocular trauma and exposure to soil or contaminated water.
Acquired Blepharoptosis
Signs and Symptoms
The word ptosis generally describes a drooping or sagging of the upper eyelid; however, the term is...
Acquired Ectropion
Signs and Symptoms
Ectropion represents a condition of eyelid malpositioning in which the lid margin rotates outward, away from the...
Acquired Entropion
Signs and Symptoms
Entropion represents a condition of eyelid malpositioning in which the lid margin rotates inward against the ocular...
Acute Allergic Conjunctivitis
Signs and Symptoms
Allergic conjunctivitis is the most common manifestation of ocular allergy, affecting between 20% and 40% of the...
Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Signs and Symptoms
Patients with acute bacterial conjunctivitis present with injection of the bulbar conjunctival and episcleral vessels. In some...
Angioid Streaks
Angioid streaks are acquired irregular breaks in Bruch’s membrane (BM), appearing as meandering, dark brown-reddish radial dehiscences emanating from the optic disc. They extend from a peripapillary ring as jagged, radiating lines coursing from the region of the disc in all directions.
Angle Recession Glaucoma
Signs and Symptoms
Patients with angle recession glaucoma are typically asymptomatic, unless the disease is advanced with profound visual field...
Anterior Uveitis
Signs and Symptoms
Uveitis may be noted in individuals of any age, but is most commonly encountered in those between...
Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis
Signs and Symptoms
Atopy is a genetic predisposition to develop an allergic reaction.1 Systemic examples include allergic rhinitis and atopic...
Bacterial Keratitis
Signs and Symptoms
A patient with bacterial keratitis will present with a typically unilateral, painful, photophobic, injected eye. Visual acuity...
Band Keratopathy
Signs and Symptoms
Band keratopathy can afflict any patient regardless of age, sex or race. Early in the course of...
Benign Eessential Blepharospasm
Signs and Symptoms
Blepharospasm represents an eye-specific form of dystonia, a neurological condition marked by involuntary movements and extended muscular...
Blowout Fracture
Signs and Symptoms
Blunt trauma to the orbital rim is the typical cause of orbital floor and medial orbital wall...
Blue Sclera
Signs and Symptoms
Blue sclera is not a diagnosis but rather a sign of imperfect connective tissue, collagen and collagen-vascular...
Brain and Orbital Tumor
Signs and Symptoms
Brain and orbital tumors may either be primary lesions or the result of metastasis from primary tumors...
Canaliculitis
Signs and Symptoms
A relatively rare disorder, canaliculitis accounts for less than 2% of all lacrimal disease.1-4 It is typically...
Cavernous Hemangioma
Signs and Symptoms
Cavernous hemangioma of the retina (CHR) and the optic disc are typically considered to be uncommon lesions....
Chlamydial and Gonococcal Conjunctivitis
Signs and Symptoms
Chlamydial infection is recognized as the world's most common sexually transmitted disease.1-8 The spectrum of ocular sequelae...
Choroidal Folds
Signs and Symptoms
Choroidal folds can occur in any patient regardless of age, race or sex. Patients may report visual...
Choroidal Nevus and Choroidal Melanoma
Signs and Symptoms
Both choroidal nevi and choroidal melanomas represent space-occupying masses of the uveal tract. Choroidal nevi appear as...
Choroidal Rupture
Choroidal rupture is a possible consequence following blunt trauma directly to the eye. Patients developing choroidal rupture are often younger males who are involved in activities such as ball sports that expose them to high-speed impact to the eye or adnexa.
Chronic Epiphora
Signs and Symptoms
Epiphora describes the spillover of tears from the eye onto the lids and ocular adnexa. It is...
Commotio Retinae
Signs and Symptoms
Commotio retinae, formerly known as Berlin’s edema, presents as an area of retinal pallor following direct blunt...
Congenital Hypertrophy Of The Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Signs and Symptoms
A congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) is typically discovered incidentally during routine, dilated fundus...
Congenital Optic Disc Pit
Signs and Symptoms
A congenital optic disc pit (CODP) appears as a small, hypopigmented, yellow or whitish, oval or round...
Conjunctival Abrasion and Laceration
Signs and Symptoms
While corneal abrasions are among the most common presenting problems in the practice of primary eye care,...
Conjunctival Cysts
Patients with mucus fishing syndrome (MFS) present with a chief complaint of chronic or excessive stringy discharge from one or both eyes, as well as varying degrees of accompanying ocular irritation.
Conjunctival Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is the most common neoplasm of the ocular surface in immunocompetent individuals. It is the precursor to conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma in situ (CIS or SCC) of the conjunctival epithelium, the most common ocular surface neoplasm in all patient populations.
Conjunctival Lymphoma
Signs and Symptoms
While basal cell carcinoma, sebaceous cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma are the most common malignancies of the...
Conjunctivochalasis
Conjunctivochalasis (CCh) represents an ocular surface condition in which there is atypical redundancy and laxity of the bulbar conjunctiva, without the presence of edema. It is most commonly seen with aging, and may present with a wide range of symptoms that are usually ascribed to dry eye disease.
Contact Dermatitis
Contact-Dermatitis-BContact-Dermatitis-A
Signs and Symptoms
Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory reaction of the skin, including the eyelid(s) and periocular adnexa. The presentation...
Corneal Abrasion and Recurrent Corneal Erosion
Signs and Symptoms
Corneal abrasion is one of the most common urgent clinical entities in practice.1-11 Patients present with some...
Corneal Foreign Body
Signs and Symptoms
Typically, corneal foreign body injuries present as an emergency following acute injury, making them a common urgent...
Cranial Nerve III Palsy
A patient with acute cranial nerve (CN) III palsy will usually present with sudden-onset unilateral ptosis (or rarely, a bilateral ptosis if the damage occurs to the third nerve nucleus) and ophthalmoplegia.
Cranial Nerve IV Palsy
A patient with cranial nerve (CN) IV palsy (also known as superior oblique palsy, trochlear palsy and fourth nerve palsy) will typically present with complaints of vertical or diagonal diplopia, which often becomes worse as the patient tries to read.
Cranial Nerve VI Palsy
A patient with cranial nerve (CN) VI palsy will present with horizontal, uncrossed diplopia that worsens at distance in the direction ipsilateral to the involved eye. The patient will have an abduction deficit in the involved eye and a noncomitant esodeviation.
Crystalline Lens Subluxation
Signs and Symptoms
While subluxation of the crystalline lens can occur in any patient, there are primarily three situations in...
Cystoid Macular Edema
Signs and Symptoms
Cystoid macular edema (CME), not a true diagnosis but a finding arising from numerous causes, is named...
Dacryoadenitis
Signs and Symptoms
Patients with dacryoadenitis may be highly symptomatic or only mildly distracted by their cosmetic appearance, depending upon...
Dacryocystitis
Signs and Symptoms
Acute dacryocystitis (lacrimal sac mucocele) is an infection of the lacrimal sac.1-7 It can occur as result...
Diabetic Papillopathy
Signs and Symptoms
Diabetic papillopathy is a unilateral or bilateral (though often asymmetric) painless optic disc edema occurring in patients...
Ecchymosis and Blunt Orbital Trauma
Signs and Symptoms
The word ecchymosis takes its origin from the Greek words ek (to extravasate blood from) and chymos...
Endophthalmitis
Signs and Symptoms
Due to its numerous potential routes of inoculation, endophthalmitis has no typical age, gender or racial predilection....
Epithelial Basement Membrane Dystrophy
Signs and Symptoms
Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy (EBMD), also known as anterior basement membrane dystrophy and Cogan’s microcystic dystrophy, is...
Exfoliative Glaucoma
Signs and Symptoms
Exfoliation syndrome and exfoliative glaucoma occur in high rates throughout northern Finland, Iceland, Saudi Arabia, Great Britain...
Exudative (Wet) Macular Degeneration
Signs and Symptoms
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, progressive degenerative disease involving multiple genetic, lifestyle, systemic and environmental...
Eyelid Laceration
Signs and Symptoms
Patients with eyelid lacerations will present with varying degrees of eyelid swelling, edema, ecchymosis and bleeding.1 Eyelid...
Eyelid Myokymia
Signs and Symptoms
The word myokymia is derived from the Greek words myo, meaning muscle, and kyma, meaning wave. It...
Facial Nerve Palsy
Signs and Symptoms
The seventh cranial nerve (CN VII, facial nerve) is responsible for the voluntary motor innervation to the...
Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy
Signs and Symptoms
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a bilateral inherited disorder characterized by peripheral retinal nonperfusion and vitreous degeneration.1-12...
Filamentary Keratitis
Signs and Symptoms
Patients with filamentary keratitis typically present with variable reports of ocular discomfort, ranging from grittiness and mild...
Fuch’s Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy
Signs and Symptoms
First described by Austrian ophthal-mologist Ernst Fuchs in 1910, the endothelial disorder that bears his name is...
Fuchs’ Heterochromic Iridocyclitis
Signs and Symptoms
Patients with Fuchs’ heterochromic iridocyclitis present as young adults with variable vision loss, anterior chamber reaction and...
Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis
Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC) is an inflammation initiated by microtrauma to the superior palpebral conjunctiva. It is associated with mechanical stimulation from either a contact lens, sutures or a prosthesis.
Glaucomatocyclitic Crisis
Signs and Symptoms
The initial precipitating event in glaucomatocyclitic crisis (GCC) is the acute onset of a mild, self-limiting uveitis...
Granular Dystrophy
Signs and Symptoms
Granular corneal dystrophy is a bilateral condition that affects the central regions of the corneal stroma while...
Hemifacial Spasm
Signs and Symptoms
Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a facial nerve disorder characterized by episodic involuntary ipsilateral facial muscle contraction. Patients...
Herpes Simplex Conjunctivitis
Signs and Symptoms
The herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common pathogen and a frequent source of ocular infection.1-6 Nearly...
Herpes Simplex Virus Epithelial Keratitis
Signs and Symptoms
The herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common pathogen in developed regions of the world and a...
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Signs and Symptoms
The most frequently affected branch of the trigeminal nerve in herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) is the ophthalmic...
Herpetic Keratouveitis
Signs and Symptoms
Herpetic keratouveitis, as the name implies, manifests anterior uveitis and some form of keratopathy in the presence,...
Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia
Idiopathic macular telangiectasia (IMT), formerly known as idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasia (IJRT), is a retinal vascular malformation. Clinical and angiographic features along with the method for classification were first described by Gass and Oyakawa in 1982.
Idiopathic Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
Signs and Symptoms
Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (IPCV), historically known as posterior uveal bleeding syndrome, is a typically unilateral disease...
Immune Stromal (Interstitial) Keratitis
Signs and Symptoms
Immune stromal keratitis (ISK), historically referred to as interstitial keratitis, may be seen as either an active...
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
Signs and Symptoms
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) can present in either the young or old and can be due to various...
Intraocular Foreign Body
Signs and Symptoms
Patients with intraocular foreign body (IOFB) may present either as a catastrophic open globe injury following significant...
Keratoconus and Hydrops
Keratoconus is the most common cause of degenerative corneal ectasia worldwide and the single most common reason for keratoplasty in the developed world. It is a non-inflammatory pathology wherein the cornea aberrantly assumes a cone shape, leading to corneal protrusion, tissue thinning, myopia, irregular astigmatism, metamorphosis and vision impairment.
Lattice Degeneration
Signs and Symptoms
Lattice degeneration of the retina is named for its resemblance to a fine, white, linear criss-cross lattice...
Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
Signs and Symptoms
Most patients affected with Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) are males in early adulthood with vision loss...
Limbal Dermoid
Signs and Symptoms
Limbal dermoids, also known as epibulbar or conjunctival dermoids, are generally seen as well-circumscribed oval mass lesions...
Malignant Glaucoma
Signs and Symptoms
Malignant glaucoma, also referred to as aqueous misdirection syndrome or ciliary block glaucoma, occurs without racial or...
Marginal Keratitis
Signs and Symptoms
Marginal keratitis is defined as a peripheral corneal inflammatory response.1-4 The condition is also known as sterile...
Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
Signs and Symptoms
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) represents a chronic disorder of the lids, lid margins and preocular tear film....
Melanocytoma Of The Optic Disc
Signs and Symptoms
Melanocytomas (magnocellular nevus) of the optic disc are slightly elevated, typically benign, darkly pigmented tumors that classically...
Membranous And Pseudomembranous Conjunctivitis
Signs and Symptoms
Conjunctivitis refers to any generalized inflammation of the conjunctival tissues. Numerous etiologies, including infection, toxicity, allergy and...
Metastatic Choroidal Tumors
Signs and Symptoms
Metastatic tumors of the choroid may present with an assortment of signs and symptoms. Commonly, patients complain...
Microcornea
Signs and Symptoms
A number of corneal anomalies are present at birth. They may be caused by idiopathic genetic alterations,...
Migraine
Signs and Symptoms
Migraine refers to a group of related chronic episodic conditions chiefly epitomized by headache, but additionally characterized...
Milky Nuclear Sclerosis
Signs and Symptoms
Patients typically develop “milky” nuclear sclerotic cataracts at an earlier age than other forms of lens opacification....
Mooren’s Ulcer
Signs and Symptoms
Mooren’s ulcer represents an idiopathic, inflammatory, marginal or peripheral ulceration of the cornea. There are two recognized...
Morning Glory Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms
Morning glory syndrome (MGS) is a congenital optic disc anomaly that can be discovered at any age,...
Mucus Fishing Syndrome
Patients with mucus fishing syndrome (MFS) present with a chief complaint of chronic or excessive stringy discharge from one or both eyes, as well as varying degrees of accompanying ocular irritation.
Neurofibromatosis
Neurofibromatosis (NF) is a rare, congenital, multisystem disorder that potentially involves the skin, eyes, nerves, brain and/or bones. The two basic forms of NF include type 1 (NF1) and type 2 (NF2), although NF1 is far more common, representing more than 90% of cases encountered clinically.
Neuromyelitis Optica
Signs and Symptoms
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) was first described by Albutt in 1870, but the term was not applied until...
Neuroretinitis
Signs and Symptoms
While neuroretinitis can present in any age group due to several potential causative etiologies, patients are typically...
Non-Exudative (Dry) Macular Degeneration
Signs and Symptoms
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of acquired legal blindness in the United States for...
Nystagmus
Signs and Symptoms
Patients with nystagmus will present with a rhythmic oscillation of the eyes. Nystagmus can be pendular (equal...
Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid
Signs and Symptoms
Mucous membrane pemphigoid is a heterogeneous group of autoimmune diseases.1-10 It affects primarily the mucous membranes of...
Ocular Demodicosis
Signs and Symptoms
Demodicosis refers to an infestation by mites of the genus Demodex. In humans, these mites selectively inhabit...
Ocular Melanosis
Signs and Symptoms
Ocular melanosis represents a pigmented discoloration of the superficial ocular tissues. Patients are not symptomatic with regard...
Ocular Myasthenia Gravis
Ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG) is a subset of general myasthenia gravis (GMG) with muscular dysfunction affecting only the levator and extraocular muscles. OMG has a slight male preponderance.
Ocular Rosacea
Ocular rosacea is a common, chronic inflammatory centro-facial dermatosis. The condition affects approximately 16 million Americans, with up to 7% experiencing some form of ocular surface abnormality.
Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
Signs and Symptoms
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) refers to a spectrum of cancerous and precancerous lesions of the conjunctiva;...
Optic Disc Drusen
Signs and Symptoms
Optic disc drusen (ODD) represent a condition involving retained hyaline bodies (products of degenerated retinal ganglion cell...
Optic Nerve Head Hypoplasia
Signs and Symptoms
As optic nerve head (ONH) hypoplasia is congenital in nature, it is typically diagnosed in younger patients...
Optic Perineuritis
Signs and Symptoms
Optic perineuritis is an inflammatory pseudo-optic neuropathy that may be either unilateral (typical) or bilateral. Though optic...
Orbital Cellulitis
Signs and Symptoms
Orbital cellulitis is a vision-threatening infection of the tissues of the orbit.1-5 The condition results from direct...
Pediatric and Congenital Glaucoma
Signs and Symptoms
Pediatric glaucoma is a term that includes any form of glaucoma that presents between birth and age...
Phacoanaphylaxis (Retained Lens Fragment)
Signs and Symptoms
Phacoanaphylaxis is a term used to describe inflammation caused by the crystalline lens. Depending upon the clinical...
Phacolytic Glaucoma
Phacolytic glaucoma is a secondary glaucoma caused by an autoimmune inflammation due to a hypermature cataract that is leaking lens proteins. It typically develops in elderly patients with a history of progressively worsening vision from hypermaturing cataracts.
Phacomorphic Glaucoma
Patients presenting with phacomorphic glaucoma are typically elderly, female and of small stature with moderate hyperopia. Frequently, an advanced cataract will be present in the affected eye.
Phthisis Bulbi
Signs and Symptoms
Phthisis bulbi is an ocular condition defined by atrophy and disorganization of the intraocular structures that leads...
Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Pigmentary Glaucoma
Signs and Symptoms
Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) is an asymptomatic disorder typically discovered upon routine evaluation.1 Pigmentary glaucoma (PG), a...
Pinguecula and Pingueculitis
Signs and Symptoms
Pingueculae are characterized by yellowish, slightly raised, interpalpebral exacerbations of tissue in the nasal and temporal bulbar...
Plateau Iris Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms
Patients with plateau iris syndrome tend to be younger, typically ranging in age from 30 to 50...
Posterior Uveitis
Signs and Symptoms
Posterior uveitis is an encompassing term indicating inflammation of the posterior segment. The inflammation may be posterior,...
Posterior Vitreous Detachment
Signs and Symptoms
Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) refers to the separation of the cortical vitreous from the internal limiting membrane...
Preseptal Cellulitis
Signs and Symptoms
Preseptal cellulitis is an infection within the eyelid anterior to the orbital septum.1-5 Signs and symptoms include...
Primary Chronic Angle Closure Glaucoma
The patient with primary chronic angle closure glaucoma (PCACG) typically is older and asymptomatic. Women are more commonly affected than men. Typically patients will have moderate degrees of hyperopia.
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Signs and Symptoms
Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) are typically older, with men more likely to be affected than...
Proptosis (Exophthalmos)
Signs and Symptoms
Proptosis is a non-ocular term generically meaning “to push forward.” Ocularly, it is the forward projection or...
Pterygium
Signs and Symptoms
Pterygium (plural: pterygia) is typically discovered upon routine ocular evaluation in asymptomatic individuals, or in patients who...
Purtscher’s Retinopathy
Signs and Symptoms
In 1910, Otmar Purtscher described the occurrence of bilateral patches of retinal whitening with intraretinal hemorrhage within...
Pyogenic Granuloma
Signs and Symptoms
Pyogenic granulomas typically present as solitary, rapidly evolving papules or nodules on the skin of the face...
Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm
Signs and Symptoms
Retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAM) are acquired saccular or fusiform dilatations of the large arterioles of the retina.1-7...
Retinal Artery Occlusion
Acute retinal artery occlusions (RAO) are visually debilitating events. Categorized as branch (BRAO), central (CRAO), cilioretinal or ophthalmic, depending on the location of the blockage, they are not the result of a single disease but develop from several systemic abnormalities.
Retinal Emboli
Signs and Symptoms
The word embolus comes from the Greek word emballein, meaning “wedge-shaped stopper.” Today, the term is used...
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding complication of prematurely born infants (30 weeks gestational age or younger) and small infants of low birth weight (1,500 grams [3 pounds, 3 ounces] or smaller; the threshold weight varies with sources).
Salzmann’s Nodular Degeneration
Signs and Symptoms
Patients with Salzmann’s nodular degeneration are often asymptomatic, particularly in the early stages of the disease. Some...
Scleral Melt
Signs and Symptoms
Scleral melt—also known as scleral ischemia or scleral necrosis—is an uncommon condition that typically presents in older...
Sickle Cell Retinopathy
Signs and Symptoms
The ocular signs of sickle cell anemia are variable and may include: comma-shaped vessels in the bulbar...
Skew Deviation
Signs and Symptoms
Patients will present with a vertical ocular strabismic imbalance. There will also likely demonstrate some ocular torsion...
Solar Retinopathy
Solar retinopathy, photo-maculopathy, eclipse retinopathy and foveomacular retinitis are all synonymous terms connoting retinal (specifically foveal) damage resulting from direct or indirect sun gazing, possibly during a solar eclipse or even on a normal day.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Signs and Symptoms
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common malignant neoplasm of the eyelid (after basal cell...
Stargardt’s Disease (Fundus Flavimaculatus)
Signs and Symptoms
Stargardt’s disease is the most common autosomal recessive macular dystrophy, and it is on the continuum of...
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage
Signs and Symptoms
Subconjunctival hemorrhage (SCH) is a frequently seen ocular condition. Patients typically present acutely, often with great anxiety...
Terrien’s Marginal Degeneration
Terrien’s marginal degeneration is one of the peripheral corneal degenerations. The entity has been recognized for more than 90 years. It may be unilateral or bilateral, affect individuals at any age
Terson’s Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms
Terson’s syndrome was first described by the French ophthalmologist Albert Terson in the early 1900s.1-4 He did...
Thygeson’s Superficial Punctate Keratitis
Signs and Symptoms
Thygeson’s superficial punctate keratitis (TSPK) represents a corneal epitheliopathy of unknown etiology. It was first described in...
Tilted Disc Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms
Tilted disc syndrome (TDS) is a unilateral or bilateral congenital optic disc anomaly that may be discovered...
Tonic Pupil
Signs and Symptoms
Tonic pupils (sometimes referred to as internal ophthalmoplegia) result from damage to the parasympathetic innervation to the...
Toxic Keratoconjunctivitis
Toxic keratoconjunctivitis (TKC), sometimes referred to as chemical keratitis or toxic follicular conjunctivitis, describes a condition in which the ocular surface is exposed to a noxious substance either acutely or chronically, with resultant deleterious effects to the structure and function of these tissues.
Toxic/Nutritional Optic Neuropathy
Signs and Symptoms
Due to myriad potential causes, toxic/nutritional optic neuropathy has no clearly identifiable racial, gender or age-dependent predilection.1,2...
Toxoplasmosis
Signs and Symptoms
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular obligate protozoan parasite.1-15 In under-developed countries, untreated drinking water is considered a...
Tractional Retinal Tears
Signs and Symptoms
Tractional retinal tears (TRT) have no specific racial, gender or laterality predilection; rather, they are produced by...
Traumatic Corneal Laceration and Perforation
Signs and Symptoms
Traumatic corneal lacerations and perforations are invariably accompanied by a recent history of ocular injury. Typically, this...
Trichiasis
Trichiasis is defined as the misdirection of one or more eyelashes toward the ocular surface. By definition, minor trichiasis involves fewer than five cilia, while major trichiasis affects five or more.
Uveal Effusion Glaucoma
Signs and Symptoms
Uveal effusion glaucoma results in intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation from non-pupil block secondary angle closure. It arises...
Uveitic Glaucoma
Patients with uveitic glaucoma typically fall into one of two categories: those that develop acute anterior uveitis replete with pain, photophobia and lacrimation, and those experiencing lesser symptoms from chronic uveitis.
Verruca and Papilloma
Verruca vulgaris is defined as a small, multi-lobulated, firm-but-moveable growth of the outer layers of the skin or mucus membranes. Warts, as they are commonly known, come in varied shapes and sizes.
Viral Conjunctivitis
Signs and Symptoms
The two frequently encountered forms of viral conjunctivitis are pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF) and epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC).1–11 Pharyngoconjunctival...
Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms
Vitreomacular traction (VMT) syndrome has no racial or age predilection, though there is a greater incidence in...
Vortex Keratopathy & Hurricane Keratopathy
Vortex keratopathy, also known as corneal verticillata, describes a unique presentation of corneal deposition in a classic arborizing or whorl-shaped pattern. The condition occurs secondary to exogenous medications or systemic disease.
Xanthelasma
Signs and Symptoms
The term xanthelasma is derived from the Greek xanthos (meaning “yellow”) and elasma (meaning “plate”). Xanthelasma are...