Angioid Streaks
Angioid streaks are acquired irregular breaks in Bruch’s membrane (BM), appearing as meandering, dark brown-reddish radial dehiscences emanating from the optic disc. They extend from a peripapillary ring as jagged, radiating lines coursing from the region of the disc in all directions.
Cavernous Hemangioma
Signs and Symptoms
Cavernous hemangioma of the retina (CHR) and the optic disc are typically considered to be uncommon lesions. Their precise frequency in the...
Commotio Retinae
Signs and Symptoms
Commotio retinae, formerly known as Berlin’s edema, presents as an area of retinal pallor following direct blunt ocular trauma. Symptoms are associated...
Congenital Hypertrophy Of The Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Signs and Symptoms
A congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) is typically discovered incidentally during routine, dilated fundus examination.1-7 Patients who have them...
Cystoid Macular Edema
Signs and Symptoms
Cystoid macular edema (CME), not a true diagnosis but a finding arising from numerous causes, is named for its intraretinal polycystic histopathologic...
Exudative (Wet) Macular Degeneration
Signs and Symptoms
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, progressive degenerative disease involving multiple genetic, lifestyle, systemic and environmental factors.1-15 It is the leading...
Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy
Signs and Symptoms
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a bilateral inherited disorder characterized by peripheral retinal nonperfusion and vitreous degeneration.1-12 FEVR was described in 1969...
Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia
Idiopathic macular telangiectasia (IMT), formerly known as idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasia (IJRT), is a retinal vascular malformation. Clinical and angiographic features along with the method for classification were first described by Gass and Oyakawa in 1982.
Idiopathic Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy
Signs and Symptoms
Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (IPCV), historically known as posterior uveal bleeding syndrome, is a typically unilateral disease that produces numerous periodic bouts...
Intraocular Foreign Body
Signs and Symptoms
Patients with intraocular foreign body (IOFB) may present either as a catastrophic open globe injury following significant trauma or with mild or...
Lattice Degeneration
Signs and Symptoms
Lattice degeneration of the retina is named for its resemblance to a fine, white, linear criss-cross lattice pattern seen in the peripheral...
Non-Exudative (Dry) Macular Degeneration
Signs and Symptoms
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of acquired legal blindness in the United States for persons over the age of...
Posterior Vitreous Detachment
Signs and Symptoms
Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) refers to the separation of the cortical vitreous from the internal limiting membrane (ILM) of the retina anywhere...
Purtscher’s Retinopathy
Signs and Symptoms
In 1910, Otmar Purtscher described the occurrence of bilateral patches of retinal whitening with intraretinal hemorrhage within the posterior pole surrounding the...
Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm
Signs and Symptoms
Retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAM) are acquired saccular or fusiform dilatations of the large arterioles of the retina.1-7 They are usually observed within...
Retinal Artery Occlusion
Acute retinal artery occlusions (RAO) are visually debilitating events. Categorized as branch (BRAO), central (CRAO), cilioretinal or ophthalmic, depending on the location of the blockage, they are not the result of a single disease but develop from several systemic abnormalities.
Retinal Emboli
Signs and Symptoms
The word embolus comes from the Greek word emballein, meaning “wedge-shaped stopper.” Today, the term is used to describe an abnormal particle...
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding complication of prematurely born infants (30 weeks gestational age or younger) and small infants of low birth weight (1,500 grams [3 pounds, 3 ounces] or smaller; the threshold weight varies with sources).
Sickle Cell Retinopathy
Signs and Symptoms
The ocular signs of sickle cell anemia are variable and may include: comma-shaped vessels in the bulbar conjunctiva; iris atrophy; iris neovascularization;...
Solar Retinopathy
Solar retinopathy, photo-maculopathy, eclipse retinopathy and foveomacular retinitis are all synonymous terms connoting retinal (specifically foveal) damage resulting from direct or indirect sun gazing, possibly during a solar eclipse or even on a normal day.
Stargardt’s Disease (Fundus Flavimaculatus)
Signs and Symptoms
Stargardt’s disease is the most common autosomal recessive macular dystrophy, and it is on the continuum of macular degeneration.1-11 It was first...
Terson’s Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms
Terson’s syndrome was first described by the French ophthalmologist Albert Terson in the early 1900s.1-4 He did not name the collection of...
Toxoplasmosis
Signs and Symptoms
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular obligate protozoan parasite.1-15 In under-developed countries, untreated drinking water is considered a major source of the Toxoplasma...
Tractional Retinal Tears
Signs and Symptoms
Tractional retinal tears (TRT) have no specific racial, gender or laterality predilection; rather, they are produced by complications of other pathologies which...
Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms
Vitreomacular traction (VMT) syndrome has no racial or age predilection, though there is a greater incidence in older women than men.1,2 Common...