Vitreous and Retina

Angioid streaks are acquired irregular breaks in Bruch’s membrane (BM), appearing as meandering, dark brown-reddish radial dehiscences emanating from the optic disc. They extend from a peripapillary ring as jagged, radiating lines coursing from the region of the disc in all directions.

Signs and Symptoms Cavernous hemangioma of the retina (CHR) and the optic disc are typically considered to be uncommon lesions. Their precise frequency in the...

Signs and Symptoms Commotio retinae, formerly known as Berlin’s edema, presents as an area of retinal pallor following direct blunt ocular trauma. Symptoms are associated...

Signs and Symptoms A congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE) is typically discovered incidentally during routine, dilated fundus examination.1-7 Patients who have them...

Signs and Symptoms Cystoid macular edema (CME), not a true diagnosis but a finding arising from numerous causes, is named for its intraretinal polycystic histopathologic...

Signs and Symptoms Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, progressive degenerative disease involving multiple genetic, lifestyle, systemic and environmental factors.1-15 It is the leading...

Signs and Symptoms Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a bilateral inherited disorder characterized by peripheral retinal nonperfusion and vitreous degeneration.1-12 FEVR was described in 1969...

Idiopathic macular telangiectasia (IMT), formerly known as idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasia (IJRT), is a retinal vascular malformation. Clinical and angiographic features along with the method for classification were first described by Gass and Oyakawa in 1982.

Signs and Symptoms Idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (IPCV), historically known as posterior uveal bleeding syndrome, is a typically unilateral disease that produces numerous periodic bouts...

Signs and Symptoms Patients with intraocular foreign body (IOFB) may present either as a catastrophic open globe injury following significant trauma or with mild or...

Signs and Symptoms Lattice degeneration of the retina is named for its resemblance to a fine, white, linear criss-cross lattice pattern seen in the peripheral...

Signs and Symptoms Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of acquired legal blindness in the United States for persons over the age of...

Signs and Symptoms Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) refers to the separation of the cortical vitreous from the internal limiting membrane (ILM) of the retina anywhere...

Signs and Symptoms In 1910, Otmar Purtscher described the occurrence of bilateral patches of retinal whitening with intraretinal hemorrhage within the posterior pole surrounding the...

Signs and Symptoms Retinal arterial macroaneurysms (RAM) are acquired saccular or fusiform dilatations of the large arterioles of the retina.1-7 They are usually observed within...

Acute retinal artery occlusions (RAO) are visually debilitating events. Categorized as branch (BRAO), central (CRAO), cilioretinal or ophthalmic, depending on the location of the blockage, they are not the result of a single disease but develop from several systemic abnormalities.

Signs and Symptoms The word embolus comes from the Greek word emballein, meaning “wedge-shaped stopper.” Today, the term is used to describe an abnormal particle...

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding complication of prematurely born infants (30 weeks gestational age or younger) and small infants of low birth weight (1,500 grams [3 pounds, 3 ounces] or smaller; the threshold weight varies with sources).

Signs and Symptoms The ocular signs of sickle cell anemia are variable and may include: comma-shaped vessels in the bulbar conjunctiva; iris atrophy; iris neovascularization;...

Solar retinopathy, photo-maculopathy, eclipse retinopathy and foveomacular retinitis are all synonymous terms connoting retinal (specifically foveal) damage resulting from direct or indirect sun gazing, possibly during a solar eclipse or even on a normal day.

Signs and Symptoms Stargardt’s disease is the most common autosomal recessive macular dystrophy, and it is on the continuum of macular degeneration.1-11 It was first...

Signs and Symptoms Terson’s syndrome was first described by the French ophthalmologist Albert Terson in the early 1900s.1-4 He did not name the collection of...

Signs and Symptoms Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular obligate protozoan parasite.1-15 In under-developed countries, untreated drinking water is considered a major source of the Toxoplasma...

Signs and Symptoms Tractional retinal tears (TRT) have no specific racial, gender or laterality predilection; rather, they are produced by complications of other pathologies which...

Signs and Symptoms Vitreomacular traction (VMT) syndrome has no racial or age predilection, though there is a greater incidence in older women than men.1,2 Common...