Aberrant Regeneration Of Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor Synkinesis)
Signs and Symptoms
Aberrant regeneration of cranial nerve (CN) III, also known as oculomotor synkinesis, is a condition with two forms and a variable presentation....
Brain and Orbital Tumor
Signs and Symptoms
Brain and orbital tumors may either be primary lesions or the result of metastasis from primary tumors originating elsewhere. Brain tumors can...
Congenital Optic Disc Pit
Signs and Symptoms
A congenital optic disc pit (CODP) appears as a small, hypopigmented, yellow or whitish, oval or round excavated defect, most often within...
Cranial Nerve III Palsy
A patient with acute cranial nerve (CN) III palsy will usually present with sudden-onset unilateral ptosis (or rarely, a bilateral ptosis if the damage occurs to the third nerve nucleus) and ophthalmoplegia.
Cranial Nerve IV Palsy
A patient with cranial nerve (CN) IV palsy (also known as superior oblique palsy, trochlear palsy and fourth nerve palsy) will typically present with complaints of vertical or diagonal diplopia, which often becomes worse as the patient tries to read.
Cranial Nerve VI Palsy
A patient with cranial nerve (CN) VI palsy will present with horizontal, uncrossed diplopia that worsens at distance in the direction ipsilateral to the involved eye. The patient will have an abduction deficit in the involved eye and a noncomitant esodeviation.
Diabetic Papillopathy
Signs and Symptoms
Diabetic papillopathy is a unilateral or bilateral (though often asymmetric) painless optic disc edema occurring in patients with diabetes. It was first...
Facial Nerve Palsy
Signs and Symptoms
The seventh cranial nerve (CN VII, facial nerve) is responsible for the voluntary motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression, the...
Hemifacial Spasm
Signs and Symptoms
Hemifacial spasm (HFS) is a facial nerve disorder characterized by episodic involuntary ipsilateral facial muscle contraction. Patients with HFS are typically acutely...
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia
Signs and Symptoms
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) can present in either the young or old and can be due to various etiologies. Patients with INO generally...
Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
Signs and Symptoms
Most patients affected with Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) are males in early adulthood with vision loss occurring typically between the ages...
Melanocytoma Of The Optic Disc
Signs and Symptoms
Melanocytomas (magnocellular nevus) of the optic disc are slightly elevated, typically benign, darkly pigmented tumors that classically occur in or about the...
Migraine
Signs and Symptoms
Migraine refers to a group of related chronic episodic conditions chiefly epitomized by headache, but additionally characterized by a specific group of...
Morning Glory Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms
Morning glory syndrome (MGS) is a congenital optic disc anomaly that can be discovered at any age, though most patients are usually...
Neuromyelitis Optica
Signs and Symptoms
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) was first described by Albutt in 1870, but the term was not applied until 1894 by Devic; hence the...
Neuroretinitis
Signs and Symptoms
While neuroretinitis can present in any age group due to several potential causative etiologies, patients are typically younger, and the condition commonly...
Nystagmus
Signs and Symptoms
Patients with nystagmus will present with a rhythmic oscillation of the eyes. Nystagmus can be pendular (equal oscillatory movements) or jerk (a...
Ocular Myasthenia Gravis
Ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG) is a subset of general myasthenia gravis (GMG) with muscular dysfunction affecting only the levator and extraocular muscles. OMG has a slight male preponderance.
Optic Disc Drusen
Signs and Symptoms
Optic disc drusen (ODD) represent a condition involving retained hyaline bodies (products of degenerated retinal ganglion cell axoplasmic transport, also known colloid...
Optic Nerve Head Hypoplasia
Signs and Symptoms
As optic nerve head (ONH) hypoplasia is congenital in nature, it is typically diagnosed in younger patients at the time of their...
Optic Perineuritis
Signs and Symptoms
Optic perineuritis is an inflammatory pseudo-optic neuropathy that may be either unilateral (typical) or bilateral. Though optic nerve dysfunction will be present,...
Skew Deviation
Signs and Symptoms
Patients will present with a vertical ocular strabismic imbalance. There will also likely demonstrate some ocular torsion along with a head tilt....
Tilted Disc Syndrome
Signs and Symptoms
Tilted disc syndrome (TDS) is a unilateral or bilateral congenital optic disc anomaly that may be discovered in patients of any age,...
Tonic Pupil
Signs and Symptoms
Tonic pupils (sometimes referred to as internal ophthalmoplegia) result from damage to the parasympathetic innervation to the eye, resulting in decreased function...
Toxic/Nutritional Optic Neuropathy
Signs and Symptoms
Due to myriad potential causes, toxic/nutritional optic neuropathy has no clearly identifiable racial, gender or age-dependent predilection.1,2 The condition presents as a...